reynier



(No Model.) 3 Sheets-Sheet 3.

E. REYNIER.- J Incandescent Electric Lamp. No. 242,984. Patented June 14,'1881.

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UNITED STATES PATENT OFFICE.

EMILE REYNIER, OF PARIS, FRANCE.

'INCANDESCENT ELECTRIC LAMP.

SPECIFICATION forming` part of Letters Patent No. 242,984, dated June 14, 1881.

Application tiled April 14, 1881. (No, model.)

To all whom 'it may concern:

Be itknown that I, EMILE REYNIER, ofParis, inthe Republic of France, have invented a new and useful Improvement in Incandescent Electric Lamps, which improvement is fully set forthin the following specification.

This invention relates to au electric lighter electric lamp, having the conductor by the incandescence of which 'the light is produced composed of a number of blocks or sections, so that the current, in its passage through said conductor, passes' across a. number ofjoints or contacts.- The term f incandescence is' applied to such lamps to distinguish them from voltaic-arc lamps, iu which the light is produced by the passage of the electric current between two electrodes separatedby a measurable distance; but it is not intended by either name to give expression to au absolute signification, or to particular theoretical ideas. In the same way the term conductor7 is applied to all bodies capable of furnishing a passage to the electric current, although some bodies known as. coi1ductors-carbo1i, for example-in certain of their properties resemble the dielec- ,trics.

In an electric lamp the heat developed in a unit of time by a current having the tension of I is proportional to-the product E l, in which the difference of potential on opposite sides of the lamp is represented by the factor E. If

"the value of E is small,- as in the early incandescence-lamps of liodygniue, orer, Bouliguine, or Reynier, it is necessary to the factor I large to bring the product E I to the desired value, and in that case, as is well known, large conductors and perfect contacts are demanded by the. great intensity of the currents, so that the application upon .long circuit of incandescence-lamps of low resistance is verycostly. By reducing' the section and increasing the length of the conductors, (of carbon or refractory metah) as some electricians have done, a sufliciently great resistance is" obtained, it is true but the incandescent surface being at the same time increased, the temperature is for an equal expenditure of force less elevated, and

the production of light consequently diminishedj.

The object of the present invention is to produce incandescence-lamps of great resistance Without having recourse to the use of long and tine conductors, and this result is obtained by the application to electric lamps of a principle which has not heretofore been usefully applied in the construction of lighting apparatus, and which may be thus stated:

With an electric conductor of any suitable material, form, and dimensions, the veffective depend upon the proper resistance of the substance or substances of which it is composed* lsuch as graphite, gas -carbon, agglomerated carbon, Wood-carbon, carbonized paper, or other organic materials,refractory metals, and the like. This principle can be applied te incandescence-lam ps operating without access of air, or to lamps operatingin the open air, or in imperfectly-closed vessels. y In the accompanying drawings, which form a part of this specication, some specimens of conductors and ot' lamps of both these classes are illustrated, and for greater clearness the drawings are, for the most part, on a scale somewhat larger than the natural size. `The choice of dimensions, form, and proportions to be given to the apparatus is not, however, limited to what is shown.

Figures 1 to 12 illustrate various forms of conductors for lamps, in which they are protected from the air, Fig. 2 being a sectional view, and the other iigures Views in elevation. Figs. 13 and 14 are views, in Vertical section, of two forms of incandescence-lamps having conductors protected from the atmosphere and made in accordance with this invention. Figs. l5 and 16 arediagrams illustrating the general construction of conductors for incandescence-lamps, made, in accordance with this invention, for use in the free air or in imper-- Figs. 17 and 18 are respectively a front view, partly in section, and a vertical 'section at right angles to the IOO plane of Fig. 1.7; Fig. 19, aview similar to Fig. 18 of another form of lamp; and Figs. 20 and2l, front and end viewsrespectively of .a number of connected rods, forming the two LIL eonduemi'e @Se lamp.. Fig', 22m a 'ip-:ice view of siii :moiiieiferm fof @pene-i2 iemfi; sind Fig@n 23,24., sind detzii views theireei. v

im electric izimps 'hmm g me comi iieiezie Y En meer by "niiemanner zu which die eeetiomi au mieter is ei' may be employed? me fermi' of iicamieeeence-ieiiips iim- 'he sies-niibei'i. tested from 'he atmoepiieie, eines ixeee ias?) if e ingu i3, iie eeeiiemii eciidueizoi indemtelj, it is not necessary to pi'ovule .fm een "eine we eemsiez-pieees A their renewal.

The construction of time eeeiimizii eendgiicms is vee?? simple. T he fuis@ speeimen isiepiesenieii in Fin'. l indem-time? mi@ ii f3 Le mme is fixed it@ sii-f2 Gentes" ei.' i :imi 'che eiiiie-s com spring? E., and guified. in :i ein' eizeii wifii the metziiie head Y. The

' seeeii. Tiie inceiideeeen eomiueie a, .i i?. @1f-@Cinese the desire@ upon dwldezi inte a imijeei of eeetioiief, s. eei meter if.

This pressure @humid be s,

A are eentzws-pieeee7 imi iiei. u them 'me sectional, cemi'rieei, e? on moreel' less wee-suie.i meg' iueiesiiig'eiimiber ie egiiiniei V, ei? 'nmizepereni iizei'iieiiiig mfi" r" ii jeiiitei. 13o ifi e iiem'ie v. A. im posiieii by means of seveii'i imi-.5, Z7 ef insulating meieriai. The Live wires from the source sgaeee ie be'ineinveeiiiiiemm'hiei weuiii 0 eeetiieity me connected, dieetiy er imi.- put out the iight er aieieimiiie 'i .mation with the me wiaih eemmimieete' of veitaie ares.. f

i'eeigeetiveiy, with the have contact-pieces A. B.

The substance or eubsmieee @may 'eg'iine Uiiieiiii'erioi of the eiiembei is deprived of oxycmidiieieie einem@ be veiyieimezez is gen, either. by eombustion presiimeii in ii, er by gmpime, Y Gerben, :iggieiiieieeii emmen, withdrawing me air in any oi'djiiaeiy el? suitegarnie materiel ee iefmeiesfp me imim it ie evident, thai; iiqe seenioiiei enmiuetoi's comi@ iieebiueiibymaiiing 0i* fermi@ seem iateiy the Sevemi seetions ef wisieh iV dviim g it. f The eeei/inual nomine-eersifjziy jaime et Le the genemi Cairecjou of aumen- "if to iiie diection of the eurreei- The speeimeus of eondueto'fs jesi mieseiibed :ire pismatie oi: eylindi'ieal iii fom, ami are seiiii m' heiiew, ae may be deeiie metiee ei" experience wii, pei-imps,`demoistme the iiiiiiy 9i giviteg them ferme eweiied iiiiie ,eeiiieiy Fig. 5, er dimimished ie iiie eentei, Fig. ii, or tapering from eind i0 engi Fie: "Z, or

etfiiei' varieties of femme The amiante e4? theiiielen't eeeiione with Y each other can be plaine eiwiaeeey n the exampieii aireeiiy given, eiiveii., 31e i @ai es im Fig. 9, piane-eeuw@ i i{subie-convex7 as in Fie' i L "Wi nemedjoims of semmai have fm1 equini pressme a gezite eecfs-iveiesieteiiee the are more ii? celixig, in which the adjiieeni: e'ioseiy eonioimeii te eeen etiieinf" the-conductor is arched. .A eimieiie; i hun er oblique ferm. can he give@ te eige@ I@ is obvimieeeas: im wei-nidi @peinte in may peeitieiimii Meek, fm iirieiileeiiel wzzyg'or by replacing; the eii with :i me wi=i 1i eine@ mi', slipper@ eeiiihiimimi.

` isi i; ma if; eeuteit-pie es A B me fixed,

e exm'emiziee ef the two dexipiates R :mii Si U The @mesme einen ehe eeeiimiei eenduem a b is egiated by mea-iis ofiiiois, Z' .,i12ade of iiieuiatiu g material. Piate@ R miei S me pioiozged'by two bars, which :we fasi/ned te, imi; insuiaiiei from, the iiretaiic iieaid X, and tile binding-poem fer the couldueiiugfwires are. cenneeteei with tine-rm. The:

by means of @smeer-joint.'

Lamps a0-be used in the free air oi in im impeifeety-eiosed vessel me eenstmetefi en the seme piineipie as the preeeiiig; im@ suitebie mezms are provided for renewing the seetien ai -eemiuetos ae they are consumed.

Tile sectional conductor a b, Figs. i5 ami i6, is eompneed of the extremities oi' number of converging relis, @gef ceiidueiiug ami mme toryA mziteiiiii, which are heid in contact with eeeii @they beme'en the weeontaet-pieces A mi B, so that the misent paese-s tmrisverse'iy iineugii each mfizind inhiougii end ony. liierof'lsbe oi' 'any desired iiumhei not; lieee than three.' n

En the drawings (representing lamps oi this eoiieiuetien the ms are Supposed; te be eolii, eyiinz'ieai? emi iiize ezieii ether; hat theycan be made prismetie er: heiiew and 0i' diieient sizes, forme? and meteiiaie.

le the semifinal eeiiiiueir' tiiuseonsbituted the euewai, eempensate for the cbueumptiene? can be eecempiisiied in tim wage: First, the @mimi-meses being med, eine reds can be tegethe oie eeperetey the spaces between these eeiiteis, se is@ be advanced the one ageing@ the Gaber? like tile veusoir oi' am zii-'e227 of which emmene?) e weed? @he mais being ffem enciwise f f the eenmalitiie ends are consumed, tieiv: ends beingthe commet-@mees are che air-iight beiigiass bis secured to the hemd; i

pieces can be moved in the direction of the ar'- row,Fig..16, so as to, compress in the space between them the ends of the rods, which latter should be supported by a hinge or 'Flexible or loose connection, so as to be free to oscillate on the points of attachment. The first method `is deemed preferable, and is therefore illustrated in the lamps to be now described.

Referring to Figs. 17 .and 1S, the rods C, ot conduct-ing and very refractory material, in number not less than three, are pressed forward individually by weights P, which are guided in tubes or ways, so that. their converging ends rest between two contact-pieces, A B. The rods are thus held in a sort of frame, ot' which the two bars Gr, of refractory and insulating material, form the sides, and the con tact-piecesAB the ends. This manner ofguiding several rods into a common frame possesses important advantages. It permits each rod to have individually the movement lengthwise ofthe frame which is required by the bendingsor the chance irregularities of arrangement of the rods, or even the imperfections in the construction ot' the apparatus. At thc same time it prevents all lateral movement, so that the rods, even if very small, cannot be displaced sidewise. The frame,` shown as rectangular in plan, can be curved, siuuous, or with non-parallel faces, as in case rods ot' different sizes are used.

The ends of the tubes or guides g for the weights P are fastened to, clamps S", of insu lating material, to which the two contactpieces A and B are bolted, so asl to support the latter and the bars G. The tubes or guides i1 can be fastened to a suitable supportingt'rame in any ordinary way. 1n Fig. 19 the rods are advanced simultaneously by a single 4o weight, P, working in the tube T. It is well to 'I insulate the cnds of the rods againstwhich the motor-weight acts, so as to avoid the formation otl branch circuits, which would be very troublesome toward the end ot' the consumption. In this lamp, as in the preceding, the rods should be introduced oneby-one-a long and inconvenient operation. This difficulty is avoided by connecting at their upper ends the rods, like or unlike, and of any suitable number, so as to form a multiple conductor, as in Fig. 20, which can be introduced at one time. The rods should be slightly movable in the comnion binder, so that the points can converge, and they should not be electrically connected through it. To this end the upper parts of [the rods are covered with a varnish or insulating masticJ and connected together by a metallic wire or ribbon, interlaced, as shown in plan in Fig. 2l. Other methods ot' connection can be 6o employed. For example, a flexibleband ot' paper, cloth, asbestos ber, or the like could' be used. I

It-is not essential that the binder should be able to resist averyhigh temperature. It it burns or melts before the consumption of the rods is complete, the latter will scarcely be disarranged at all, and the lamp will continue to operate properly to the end of its course.

Il the sectional conductor is composed of long and tine rods, auxiliary perishable bands, which will be destroyed by the heat, should be employed to sustain them at suitablepoints between the ends.

In order to permit the introduction from bclow of the conductors the lamp embouchure or frame for supporting the lower ends ot the rods is made inovable, or one ot' the contactpie-ces is jointed.

ln the lamps shown the rods are advanced downward; but it is evident that they could be made to move in any desired direction, so that the incandescent conductor would keep the proper position.

instead ot using weights to directly advance the rods, counterweights, springs, watch-bar reis', hydrostatic pressure, or other source of mechanical power could be employed.

ln Fig. 22 the lamp comprises two groups of tivo or more rods each. The rods of each group are connected at their upper ends to a slide, G. These two slides are guided in slot-s in the converging arms voi' atriangnlar frame, and are forced downward by a jointed lever, YL, connected therewith by a slot-and-pin connection, and acted upon by a spring, R. The lower ends ci the carbon converge, and are held between the contact-pieces A B and prevented i'rom lateral movement by a suitable frame ot insulating material,as shown in Fig. 23

can bensed without the others, and that varions moditications can be made without dcparting from the spirit of the invention.

Having now fully described the said inrention and the manner of carrying the same into effect, what I claim is- 1. A sectional conductor for incandescence electric lamps, the sections of said conductor being transverse to the direction of thecurrent through it, and forming a number of contacts and increasing the effective resistanceto Vthe current, substantially as described.

2. The combination, in an electric lamp, of the conductor composed of a number of sections, with the contact-pieces between which said sections are held, substantially as de scribed. e v

A sectionalconductorcoinposed of a uninber of rods ha vin g their extremities held between contact pieces, substantially as described.

4. lThe combination ct' the sectional conductor, contact pieces, and means, as ,indicated, for holding with yielding pressure the sections ot' the conductor in contact with each other and with said pieces, substantially as described.

5. The combination of 4the contact-pieces and converging rods, with their ends held be-l tween the said contact-pieces, substantially as described.

Itis obvious that parts of this invention lov 6. The combination of the conact-pieees, rods, and means, as indicated, for bringing fresh portions oi'said rods between the coufact-pieces as, ihey are consumed, substan tali y 9. The combination of the converging rods, guiding-frame having the ends formed by oonr 5 -tact-pieoes, and one or more weights, springs,

or similar devices for mivanoing'said rods, `substzintieliy :is described.

In testimony whereof have signed this speciejition in the presence of, two snbsoribzo ing witnesses.

EMILE REYNIER.

Witnesses:

AUG. IAmso'r, S. VERDIEZT. 

